{"id":10399,"date":"2025-04-16T05:03:02","date_gmt":"2025-04-16T05:03:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/astrolojiokulu.com\/?p=10399"},"modified":"2025-05-28T15:37:00","modified_gmt":"2025-05-28T15:37:00","slug":"iskenderiye-kutuphanesi-mo-323-30","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/astrolojiokulu.com\/tr\/iskenderiye-kutuphanesi-mo-323-30\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130SKENDER\u0130YE K\u00dcT\u00dcPHANES\u0130 (M\u00d6 323-30)"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u0130SKENDER\u0130YE K\u00dcT\u00dcPHANES\u0130 (M\u00d6 323-30)<\/h3>\n

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\u0130SKENDER\u0130YE K\u00dcT\u00dcPHANES\u0130 (M\u00d6323-30)<\/p>\n

\u0130skenderiye K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Batlamyus Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde kurulmu\u015f ve ilk d\u00f6nem krallar\u0131n himayesinde geli\u015ferek Antik D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi olarak hizmet vermi\u015ftir. Ak denizin d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndan bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131 kendine \u00e7ekmi\u015f ve \u0130skenderiye \u015fehrinin M\u00d6 145 y\u0131l\u0131nda gerileme d\u00f6nemine ge\u00e7mesine kadar zaman\u0131n \u00f6nde gelene entelekt\u00fcel merkezi haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u0130skenderiye \u015fehri M\u00d6.332 y\u0131l\u0131nda Makedonyal\u0131 B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur. Onun M\u00d6.323 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Diodakh \u2019lar ( \u0130skender\u2019in Halefleri) \u00a0Sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, \u0130skender\u2019in kumandanlar\u0131ndan Lagus\u2019un \u00a0o\u011flu I.Ptolemaios Soter \u00a0\u00a0\u0130skenderiye de yakla\u015f\u0131k 300 y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrecek BATLAMYUS HANEDANLI\u011eI ( Ptolemios Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131) n\u0131 kurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u0130skenderiye K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi \u0130skenderiye \u015fehrinin geli\u015fimi amac\u0131yla kurulmu\u015f oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. I.Ptolemy d\u00f6neminde in\u015faat\u0131na ba\u015flanan k\u00fct\u00fcphanenin II.Ptolemy d\u00f6neminde tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u00e7erisine kitap al\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayr\u0131ca k\u00fct\u00fcphanenin kraliyet hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan finanse edildi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u00fct\u00fcphane koleksiyonlar\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc eseri sat\u0131n almak \u00fczere kitap acenteleri g\u00f6revlendiriliyordu. Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na sat\u0131n alma memurlar\u0131 g\u00f6nderilerek kitaplar olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek fiyattan sat\u0131n al\u0131n\u0131yordu. Bunlar\u0131n haricinde \u0130skenderiye Liman\u0131na yana\u015fan gemilerdeki kitaplara el konularak kopyalar\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131yor, orijinal n\u00fcshalar k\u00fct\u00fcphanede saklan\u0131p kopyas\u0131 sahibine iade ediliyordu. Kitaplara\u00a0 el konulmas\u0131 olay\u0131 o kadar ileri safhaya vard\u0131 ki baz\u0131 alimlerin ve bilginlerin eserlerini saklamak zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 dahi s\u00f6ylenmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde kurulmu\u015f olan Bergama K\u00fct\u00fcphanesini kendilerine rakip g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri i\u00e7in Bergama Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kitaplar\u0131n kopyas\u0131n\u0131 almalar\u0131n\u0131 engellemek amac\u0131yla V.Ptolemy zaman\u0131nda Bergamaya papir\u00fcs sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bunu sonucunda Bergama da par\u015f\u00f6men end\u00fcstrisinin faaliyete ge\u00e7ti\u011fi belirtilmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u0130skenderiye K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi ; karde\u015fi VI.Ptolemy ile iktidar m\u00fccadelesi veren VIII.Ptolemy ; rakibinin taraf\u0131n\u0131 tutanlar\u0131 cezaland\u0131rma yoluna giderken b\u00fct\u00fcn yabanc\u0131 bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131 da \u015fehirden g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. S\u00fcrg\u00fcne giden bilginlerin \u0130skenderiye\u2019den ayr\u0131l\u0131rken yanlar\u0131nda baz\u0131 kitaplar\u0131 g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olmalar\u0131 muhtemeldir. Bu d\u00f6nemde k\u00fct\u00fcphane eski pop\u00fclerli\u011fini kaybetmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Batlamyuslar d\u00f6nemi VII.Kloepatra\u2019n\u0131n\u00a0 M\u00d6.30 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle sona ermi\u015ftir. Roma d\u00f6neminde ise himaye edilmemi\u015f gerekli bak\u0131m ve onar\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmayarak kendi kaderine terk edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

K\u00fct\u00fcphanenin tamamen yok olmas\u0131 ile ilgili \u00e7e\u015fitli iddialar ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1 . \u0130DD\u0130A: Julius Sezar \u2018\u0131n M\u00d6.48 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015fehri ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in verdi\u011fi m\u00fccadelede k\u00fct\u00fcphanenin \u00e7\u0131kan yang\u0131nlarla yok oldu\u011fudur. Lakin Yunan tarih\u00e7i Plutarch \u2018a g\u00f6re ; March\u00a0 Antony M\u00d6.43 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bergama k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinden 200.000 adet koleksiyonun tamam\u0131n\u0131 alarak \u0130skenderiye k\u00fct\u00fcphanesine b\u0131rak\u0131lmak \u00fczere VII.Kloepatra\u2019ya vermi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle Sezar\u2019\u0131n M\u00d6.44 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra \u0130skenderiye k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinin hala aktif oldu\u011fu ve yang\u0131nlarda hasar alsa da tamamen yok olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Augustus Caesar\u2019\u0131n (M\u00d6.27-MS.44) hepsi olmasa da koleksiyonun bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 Bergama k\u00fct\u00fcphanesine geri verdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenmektedir.<\/p>\n

2 . \u0130DD\u0130A:\u00a0 Roma \u0130mparatorlar\u0131 Aurelion ve Diolection d\u00f6nemlerinde yap\u0131lan m\u00fccadeleler nedeniyle k\u00fct\u00fcphanenin y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yerle bir edildi\u011fidir MS.297<\/p>\n

3 .\u0130DD\u0130A: \u00a0MS.391 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130skenderiye Piskoposu Theaphilus\u2019un k\u00fct\u00fcphane koleksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu Serapi Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 y\u0131karak yerine kilise yapmak istedi\u011fi s\u0131rada eski dine mensup paganlar\u0131n ayaklanmas\u0131 sonucunda bir\u00e7ok ki\u015finin k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irildi\u011fi , tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u015fehrin ya\u011fmaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir. Serapi Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131larak yerine kilise yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesin olmakla beraber k\u00fct\u00fcphanenin y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair kesin bilgi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Muhtemelen Roma \u0130mparatorlar\u0131 Aurelion ve Diolection d\u00f6neminde zaten yok edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

4 .\u0130DD\u0130A: Hz. \u00d6mer\u2019in 641 y\u0131l\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 fethetti\u011finde Amr Bin As\u2019a \u201c k\u00fct\u00fcphanedeki eserler Kur\u2019an h\u00fckm\u00fcne uygun ise gereksizdir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerim var ; e\u011fer Kur\u2019an h\u00fckm\u00fcne ayk\u0131r\u0131 ise zaten sapk\u0131nd\u0131r \u201c diyerek kitaplar\u0131 yakt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgisidir. Bu rivayet Hz. \u00d6mer\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemden 600 y\u0131l sonra h\u0131ristiyan \u00a0yazar Gregory Bar Hebraeus \u2018un (1226- 1228) \u00a0\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar ve yazar bu iddiay\u0131 \u0130bn\u00fcl-Kifti gibi 13. Y\u00fczy\u0131l erken d\u00f6nem M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Arap yazarlardan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belitrtmektedir. \u0130slam Tarihi ve \u0130slam Bat\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkisi Uzman\u0131 Amerikal\u0131 Tarih\u00e7i Prof.Bernard Lewis konu hakk\u0131ndaki makalesinde; k\u00fct\u00fcphanenin m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar taraf\u0131ndan yok edildi\u011fi hikayesini Alfred J. Butter, Victor Chauvin , Poul Casanova ve Eugenio Griffin gibi Bat\u0131l\u0131 ilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n reddetti\u011fini yazmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u0130slam Tarihi kaynaklar\u0131nda Hz. \u00d6mer\u2019in de\u011fil \u015fehri ya\u011fmalatmas\u0131 Irak , Suriye\u00a0 ve M\u0131s\u0131r topraklar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ziraat\u0131 iyi bilen eski sahiplerine b\u0131rak\u0131larak sadece vergi ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Hz. \u00d6mer hakk\u0131nda bu iddia neden ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r sorusunun cevab\u0131 olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Genel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f 1.Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferinden sonra bu s\u00f6ylemin yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Sebebi ise; 15 TEMMUZ 1099 tarihinde Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc i\u015fgal ettiklerinde \u015fehirde bulunan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve Yahudi halk\u0131 kad\u0131n \u00e7ocuk demeden k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irerek \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir katliam yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu katliam\u0131n g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 Latin Tarih\u00e7i Raimundus ; \u00a0sabah mabedlerin bulundu\u011fu mahalleye giderken cesetler ve dizlerine kadar \u00e7\u0131kan kan birikintisi i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7mek zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00a0kaydederek Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131n Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc nas\u0131l kan g\u00f6l\u00fcne \u00e7evirdi\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Yap\u0131lan katliama d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerindeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve Yahudilerin haricinde H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n da ( \u00f6zellikle ortadokslar) b\u00fcy\u00fck tepki g\u00f6stermesi nedeniyle kendilerini bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda hisseden Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131n bu bask\u0131y\u0131 da\u011f\u0131tmak i\u00e7in Hz. \u00d6mer\u2019in de M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n fethinde \u0130skenderiye \u015fehrini \u00a0ya\u011fmalatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00a0\u015feklindeki s\u00f6ylentiyi yayd\u0131klar\u0131 tahmin edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Yazar Jashua J.March \u00a0( World History Encyclopedia ( T\u00fcrk\u00e7e) ) 25 Temmuz 2023 tarihli makalesinde \u00a0konuyu \u00a0\u201c \u0130skenderiye K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yang\u0131nla yok olmas\u0131 ve antik d\u00fcnya bilgisinin dumana \u00e7evrildi\u011fi , insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n entelekt\u00fcel geli\u015fiminin binlerce y\u0131l geriye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iddias\u0131 ; k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apta siyasi entrikalar ve de\u011fi\u015fen sosyo-politik-dini olaylarla te\u015fvik edilen ihmal nedeniyle k\u00fct\u00fcphanenin gerilemi\u015f oldu\u011fu senaryosundan \u00e7ok daha dramatiktir. Ancak ikincisi kesin olarak ger\u00e7e\u011fe daha yak\u0131nd\u0131r. \u0130skenderiye erken Batlamyus Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde antik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fct\u00fcphanesine sahip olmakla \u00f6v\u00fcnebilir ancak antik \u00e7a\u011flardan gelen hi\u00e7bir a\u00e7\u0131klama k\u00fct\u00fcphanenin Roma d\u00f6neminde hala b\u00fcy\u00fck bir entelekt\u00fcel merkezi oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131n\u0131 desteklemiyor.\u201d\u00a0 \u015feklinde \u00a0\u0130fade etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 itibari ile anla\u015f\u0131lan \u015fu ki; \u0130skenderiye K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi d\u00f6nemindeki iktidar m\u00fccadeleleri ve istilalar sebebi ile eski \u00f6nemini kaybetmi\u015f ve zamanla \u00a0tarih sahnesinden silinmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

H\u0130LAL \u015eULE DURAN<\/p>\n

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KAYNAKLAR:<\/p>\n

1- JASHUA J.MARK \u2018\u0131n 25.07.2023 tarihli World History Encyclopedia ( T\u00fcrk\u00e7e) makalesi<\/p>\n

\u00c7ev: Nizamettin Karaben<\/p>\n

2- W\u0130K\u0130PED\u0130A<\/p>\n

3- \u0130STANBUL \u00dcNV.AUZEF TAR\u0130H B\u00d6L\u00dcM\u00dc DR.\u00d6\u011eR.\u00dcYES\u0130 CUMHUR ERS\u0130N ADIG\u00dcZEL \u2013 \u0130SLAM<\/p>\n

TAR\u0130H\u0130 ders kitab\u0131<\/p>\n

4- \u0130STANBUL \u00dcNV.AUZEF TAR\u0130H B\u00d6L\u00dcM\u00dc PROF.DR.EBRU ALTAN \u2013 HA\u00c7LI SEFERLER\u0130 TAR\u0130H\u0130 ders<\/p>\n

kitab\u0131<\/p>\n

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\u0130SKENDER\u0130YE K\u00dcT\u00dcPHANES\u0130 (M\u00d6 323-30)   \u0130SKENDER\u0130YE K\u00dcT\u00dcPHANES\u0130 (M\u00d6323-30) \u0130skenderiye K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Batlamyus Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde kurulmu\u015f ve ilk d\u00f6nem krallar\u0131n himayesinde geli\u015ferek Antik D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi olarak hizmet vermi\u015ftir. Ak denizin d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndan bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131 kendine \u00e7ekmi\u015f ve \u0130skenderiye \u015fehrinin M\u00d6 145 y\u0131l\u0131nda gerileme d\u00f6nemine ge\u00e7mesine kadar zaman\u0131n \u00f6nde […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":122,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[189],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10399","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hilal-sule-duran"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/astrolojiokulu.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10399","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/astrolojiokulu.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/astrolojiokulu.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/astrolojiokulu.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/122"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/astrolojiokulu.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10399"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/astrolojiokulu.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10399\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10445,"href":"http:\/\/astrolojiokulu.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10399\/revisions\/10445"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/astrolojiokulu.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10399"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/astrolojiokulu.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10399"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/astrolojiokulu.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10399"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}